A number of things.
1) The games you are playing are likely against the AI. The names for AI players are taken from real player names so you see the usual nonsense names in AI matches that you would see in normal internet play. The way you can tell if you are playing a human or an AI is to look at the "Ping" on the scoreboard. A Ping of 0 means AI, a ping of something else means human.
2) The website and game has a large number of bugs, which is why you are showing up with games won at 0 favor. Generally speaking, if you win a game you end up with at least 95 favor, and if you are dominating then you will likely end up with closer to 200 favor.
3) The AI (which you are likely playing against mostly) is ranked at 1000 rating I think. This means that if you never end up in a match against another human it takes a lot of wins to climb the ladder. If you do end up in a match with a human though and you win and that human is ranked closely or higher than you then you will likely climb the ladder pretty quickly.
As for why you play against mostly AI, it's because there aren't a lot of players in the beta right now so for testing purposes they put AI in as placeholder for statistics and such. My understanding is that at release you will always play against at least one player (though the teams may be filled out with AI).
On a personal note, I similarly did not climb the Pantheon ladder much at all until I finally got matched up with another player. I actually lost the game but after that my Pantheon rating started skyrocketing up and I made it up to #8 (since dropped to #10).
