Since SoA ship weapon ranges appear to be based on what SoaSE used, I wanted to suggest that most SoA ships have their weapons ranges and turn rates increased so they don't keep moving out of range every time they circle around.
Yeah... That doesn't work, on account of the movement arc being determined by weapon range. Make the range longer, and they just have further to travel.
I also wanted to ask about Photon Torpedo's.
Torpedoes have high damage and low firing rates. They could fire them more often, but as a physical warhead, supplies are severely limited by the compliment onboard. Some of the smaller ships would likely only have a dozen or so. Consider it an act of conservation.
As to them doing more hull damage, not workable. Well, it is, but it would require a complicated ability on every ship.
The phase lane stuff would not be pretty. If you could make it work, and I can do about half of what you're asking(yet again, by burning an ability slot on every ship), the game would be utterly unplayable.